How The American Revolution Started Essay Example for Free

How The American Revolution Started Essay The American Revolution was the colonists breaking from monarchy and switching to Democracy. The outcome of the movement lead to the Declaration of independence, and then the creation of America. There are several reasons why the American Revolution began, here are a few. The sugar act, or the American Duties Act was passed in 1764 for the sole purpose to raise money for the French Indian war. The Act forced a tax of three cents on sugar that was shipped to the new colony. The act also placed tax on Molasses to stop merchants from smuggling it in. Of course the tax was placed onto the colony while they were in a state of financial depression. In response, the Merchants refused to buy luxury British imports, but the rebellion didn’t start until the Quartering act and the Stamp act began. The Quartering act was created in 1765. Colonists were told to house, feed, and care for the troops as they came. The act backfired in 1766 when 1,500 troops appeared in New York. The Provincial Assembly refused to obey the law, and refused to provide the soldiers with any alms. Because they refused, Parliament said they’d suspended New Yorks Governor and Legislature until 1769, but never carried it out. Soon after, the Assembly agreed to accumulate money to quarter the troops. After that, the Quartering act was avoided in all states except Pennsylvania. The Stamp act began in 1765 when George Grenville raised the taxes on most things in the American Colony. Initially he wanted to raise taxes in Britain, but that was out of the question because of the hostile reaction after the Cider Tax. So instead decided to raise tax on the new colony without asking their permission. The colonists responded immediately by debating in the colonial legislatures, creating mob crowds, tarring, and feathering. All in all, the colonists finally showed their displeasure for all the new laws through â€Å"The Boston Tea Party†. The Boston Tea Party was a political protest against the taxes. A group, named the â€Å"Sons of liberty†, came up with the idea to dress as Indians (which didn’t fool anyone) and toss all the crates of Tea that came in, into the harbor. The British Government responded harshly, and it grew into the American Revolution as we know it. In the end, the American Revolution got rid of increasing restrictions placed on the colonies from Britain. It’s estimated that only one-third of the colonists were in favor of rebellion, one-third sided with the British, and the last third were all neutral concerning the rebellion and break from Great Britain.

The Red Badge of Courage :: essays research papers

Chapter 1 Analysis: Stephen Crane begins a new course of realism in The Red Badge of Courage. Many critics point to him as one of the first American authors of a modern style, and The Red Badge as a fine example of this. The novel is built on a coming-of-age theme, and many of its descriptive elements, such as its concentration on nature and character's actions, are in the realist style, most popularized in America by William Dean Howells and Frank Norris. However, Crane's style in this book has some slight differences from earlier styles. The narrator does not name the characters. In the first chapter, we discover the names of Henry and Jim only through their dialogue with other characters. The narrator only refers to them by descriptors†¹"the tall soldier" in Jim's case and, most importantly, "the young soldier" in Henry's case. Calling Henry "the youth" is the most important indicator that this novel is about his maturity. In this first chapter, he is unproven even to himself. Before enlisting, Henry's thoughts of war and battle are those of valiant struggles for life and death; the possibility of cowardice does not arise in his initial thoughts of battle. However, his mother's speech leaves much more room for interpreting his own future struggles. Rather than give him the advice of the Spartans of ancient Greece to "return carrying your shield or on top of it" (meaning either victorious or killed in combat, not having dropped it fleeing), his mother tells him that, when faced with a situation of kill or be killed, he has to do what he thinks is right, and only that. This is a critical moment in the plot of the book. Henry's actions when facing battle are unknown, even to him. His convictions were strong enough to join the army. Yet these were not because of patriotism or a will to simpl y fight; the narrator shows Henry to be fantasizing of heroic deeds instead. His mother's farewell speech shows that no one, not even Henry or the narrator, is sure what he will do when faced with battle. Even Jim's answers, while they calm Henry's fears, still are so vague that they do not lead to any concrete predictions for their future actions in battle. Yet Crane has written into this novel a way to tell certain characteristics even without explicit direction from the narrator†¹the use of color metaphors.

Aspirin Experiment

Synthesis of Aspirin and Oil of Wintergreen INTRODUCTION: Synthesis and use of organic compounds is an extremely important area of modern chemistry. Approximately half of all chemists work with organic chemicals. In everyday life, many if not most of the chemicals you come in contact with are organic chemicals. Examples include drugs, synthetic fabrics, paints, plastics, etc. Synthesis of Aspirin and Methyl Salicylate. The two compounds we will be preparing, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and oil of wintergreen (methyl salicylate), are both organic esters.An ester is a compound that is formed when an acid (containing the COOH group) reacts with an alcohol (a compound containing an -OH group). O C R1 O H O + H O C R2 R1 O R2 + H O H acid alcohol ester water Here R1 and R 2 represent groups such as CH3 – or CH3 CH2 -. The reaction type shown above may be called a condensation reaction because the small molecule H 2 O is eliminated from the reactants while the remaining bits of t he reactant condense together to give the main product. This reaction may also be called an esterification, since the product of the reaction is an ster, a compound containing the CO2 R group (see chapter 11 for definitions of acids, esters, and alcohols). Esters usually have pleasant, fruit-like odors and are the chemicals responsible for the odors and flavors of many fruits (oranges, bananas, pineapples) and flowers. In most cases, such natural products get their properties from a mixture of organic compounds. In this experiment you will prepare two esters of o-hydroxybenzoic acid, more commonly known as salicylic acid. One of the esters, acetylsalicylic acid, is aspirin, the common analgesic. We will synthesize aspirin by mixing salicylic acid with acetic anhydride.The second ester product is oil of wintergreen, or methyl salicylate, which we prepare by allowing salicylic acid to react with methyl alcohol. This compound, which has a familiar odor is used as a flavoring agent and in rubbing ointments. Both of these reactions are shown below. Preparation of acetylsalicylic acid H H C C H C H C C C C O O H O H + O H3C H3C C O C O H H+ H H C C C H C C C C O O O C O CH3 + O C H3C O H H salicylic acid acetic anhydride acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) acetic acid Preparation of methyl salicylate H H C C H C H C C C C O O H O H + H O H H CH3 H+ H C C C C C C HO H + O H H O C O CH3 salicylic acid methanol methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) water This experiment illustrates several properties of organic synthesis. While both product compounds in the experiment are esters of the same compound (salicylic acid), they are quite different in structure. Aspirin involves a reaction of the -OH group of salicylic acid, while methyl salicylate involves a reaction of the COOH group of salicylic acid. Organic chemistry is the broad field of studying the tremendous variety of such reactions of organic functional groups. Purification by Recrystallization.After preparing the aspi rin, we will purify it. Most solids can be purified by recrystallization, at a cost of lower percent yield. Recrystallization is usually done by dissolving the substance in a suitable solvent, which is hot. If insoluble particles are present, the hot solution is filtered to remove them (we will skip this hot filtration step). The solution is allowed to cool slowly, and is eventually cooled in ice. The crystals that form slowly are more pure than the original solid. Characterization by Melting Point. A simple characterization technique that can be very useful in determining purity is melting point.It does not, however, tell much about the identities of the impurities. Pure materials usually have characteristic temperatures at which they melt, or a narrow temperature range (less than one degree) over which they melt. Impure compounds usually melt at a lower temperature, over a wider range. HAZARDS: Both acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid are reactive chemicals that can produce a serio us burn on contact with the skin, and are irritating to the eyes. In case of contact with these chemicals, wash the skin thoroughly with soap and water. Do not dispose of any chemicals down the sink. Instead use the waste containers provided.NOTE: The aspirin you will make is impure and must not be taken internally! LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS AND DATA: Be sure you make plenty of good qualitative observations, noting initial colors, odors, etc. , and any changes that occur during the experiment. Clearly label all numerical data. We will spend a little over one class day on this lab. In the first day, you need to prepare and recrystallize your aspirin. If time permits, you can also prepare the methyl salicylate. If not, this can wait until the second day when you will also take melting points of your crude and purified aspirin samples.PROCEDURE: Synthesis of aspirin. Weigh out approximately 2. 1 g of salicylic acid (record exact mass), and transfer it to a clean, dry 6 inch test tube. Us e the dispenser to carefully add 3 mL of acetic anhydride (density = 1. 08 g/mL) to the salicylic acid. Then add 3 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid, H2 SO4 , to the reaction mixture (it acts as a catalyst and speeds up the reaction). Put the test tube in a beaker of boiling water in a hood and heat for five minutes after most of the solid has dissolved. Stir the mixture with a glass rod to break up any lumps.Pour the contents of the test tube into a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 25 mL of water. Swirl the flask for a few minutes to mix the solutions and get rid of any unreacted acetic anhydride. (The acetic anhydride reacts with water to produce acetic acid. ) Place the flask in an ice bath and watch for a white solid to crystallize out. Occasionally a reaction will yield an oily product that resists crystallization. If that happens, scratch the bottom and sides of the flask with a glass stir rod to help start crystal formation, or warm the mixture just until the oil dissolves , and then re-cool.Allow 10 minutes for crystallization to occur. Meanwhile put a wash bottle of distilled water in some ice and prepare a Buchner funnel. Filter the solid, being sure to use a trap flask between the Buchner funnel flask and the aspirator. Wash the solid with a small amount of cold distilled water. Discard the liquid filtrate in the designated waste container. Pre-weigh an empty watch glass, then scrape your aspirin product off the filter paper onto the watch glass. Record this yield of crude aspirin. Use a bit of the solid product to pack a melting point capillary tube to use the second week to find the melting point of your crude product.Recrystallization of the crude aspirin to form pure aspirin Put 15-20 mL of distilled water on a hot plate to begin warming. Dissolve your crude aspirin product in about 5 mL of 95% ethanol in a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask. If some of your aspirin fails to dissolve, do the following: Prepare a warm water bath by using a beaker of water (about 50 mL in a 250 mL beaker), using a hot plate to heat the water bath. DO NOT USE A FLAME OR BUNSEN BURNER THE ETHANOL IS FLAMMABLE. Warm the Erlenmeyer flask containing the aspirin and ethanol in the warm water bath.When the aspirin has dissolved, add 15 mL of warm distilled water (50 o C approximately). If any crystals form at this point, reheat the mixture in the water bath to re-dissolve them. Let the solution cool slowly, with the mouth of the flask covered by a watch glass. When it is at room temperature, place it into the ice bath and leave it there a full ten minutes. After crystallization is complete, filter the crystals in a Buchner funnel, wash them with a little ice cold distilled water (put your squeeze bottle in the ice), and suction for several minutes. Discard the liquid filtrate in the designated waste container.Scrape the solid into a pre-weighed beaker and put in your drawer, lightly covered with a tissue. Do not cover it tightly because we want your product to finish drying until the next class period. You will need to get a final mass of this purified aspirin after allowing it to dry for a day. You will also take a melting point of the purified aspirin. When finished with the experiment, place your aspirin product in a test tube and stopper it. Label the test tube with your name, the name of the compound, and the date. Your instructor will collect this product. Synthesis of methyl salicylate.Place 0. 5 g of salicylic acid and 3 mL of methyl alcohol in a large test tube. Add 2 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid and then place the test tube in the hood in a water bath at 70 o C for 15 minutes. The boiling point of methyl alcohol is 64. 6 o C, so point the mouth of the tube away from others and avoid overheating, to minimize â€Å"bumping†. Note the odor before and after heating. Allow your methyl salicylate to cool to room temperature, then stopper the test tube. Add a label with your name, the compound name, and the date. Your instructor will collect this product.Determination of the Melting Point of your aspirin. You should already have a capillary tube packed with your impure aspirin. Now pack a tube with your pure aspirin. Put your two tubes in the melting point apparatus and slowly heat your samples. Record the temperature at which each starts to melt and the temperature at which it has all melted. (Your instructor will give you more instruction on these procedures. ) RESULTS: Calculate the theoretical yield of aspirin from the balanced equation given in the introduction. You will need to add up molar masses by counting the atoms shown in the structures.Be sure to determine the limiting reagent, either salicylic acid or acetic anhydride. You will need to use acetic anhydride’s density, 1. 08 g/mL. Show this work clearly in your report. Watch significant figures and units. Also report the masses of your crude and purified aspirin samples, and the percent yield of your final, purified aspirin. DI SCUSSION: Describe what your melting points say about the purity of your initial crude product and your recrystallized product. Pure aspirin has a melting point of 135o , while salicylic acid has a melting point of 157-159o .Impure compounds normally have lower melting points and broader melting ranges than if pure, even if the impurity would have a higher melting point itself. List all the compounds that could be mixed in with your aspirin product as impurities, i. e. all reactants, solvents, and other products. You should have six compounds besides aspirin. Briefly describe the source of each compound. Considering factors such as limiting reagent (which you just calculated), and procedural steps which may have removed some of these compounds, which compound(s) do you think are most likely to contaminate your aspirin product? ExplainQUESTIONS: 1. Infrared spectra are often used to get a quick look at the purity of a product. IR spectra of aspirin, as well as the salicylic acid and acetic anhydride used to prepare it Selected Infrared Frequencies are shown below. Consult the structures of these three Absorption Range, cm-1 Bond Type compounds from the introduction. Recall from our experiment 3600-3200 (usually broad) on IR that different bonds show up at different frequencies in O – H the IR spectrum. Prepare a listing for each compound, C – H 3300-2800 showing bonds and their IR frequencies taken from the B – H 2650-2300 spectra below.You need consider only those bonds listed in C ? N 2260-2220 the table at right. (It is hard to read the frequencies on the attached spectra accurately, so just approximate. The frequency values listed on the x-axis in the figures are 4000, 3000, 2000, 1500, and 1000 cm-1. ) 2. Look at the IR spectra again. Assume that you ran an IR spectrum of your aspirin, but that it was contaminated with unreacted salicylic acid. At what frequency in the spectrum would you look for evidence of this contamination? Explain your reasoning. IR Spectrum of Aspirin (KBr pellet)IR Spectrum of Salicyclic Acid (KBr pellet) IR Spectrum of Acetic Anhydride (liquid thin film) 3. 1 H NMR spectra of salicyclic acid and aspirin are shown below. Note that both have small, broad peaks near 11 ppm that were artificially enhanced to make them obvious on these spectra. The peaks around 7-8 ppm are all doublets, triplets, or messy multiplets; the other peaks are singlets. How many types of H should be expected for each compound based upon their structures? The two structures share many common features, and thus their spectra should be similar for these common features.Likewise, each structure has some unique type of hydrogen not found in the other. These should result in differences between the spectra. By simply comparing the structures and the spectra, decide which hydrogens on the structures give rise to which peaks. You won’t be able to assign all the peaks this way, but do as much as you can and explain you r reasoning. 4. The Merck Index is an extremely valuable reference that can be found in the Reference Section of the Fintel Library as well as several reading rooms on 5th floor Trexler.It is an especially good place to find basic information on organic compounds. Look up aspirin in The Merck Index. Summarize the information it gives about the solubility and decomposition of aspirin. Record the edition number and where you found this book. 5. The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, often simply called â€Å"The CRC,† provides less information on each compound than The Merck Index does, but covers more inorganic compounds and includes hundreds of pages of other facts useful to chemists.In the CRC find the multipage table entitled Physical Constants of Organic Compounds. Within this table, find salicylic acid (some old editions may list it as 2-hydroxybenzoic acid). Record the information given about salicylic acid’s melting point, boiling point, and solubility. You w ill probably need to consult the listing of Symbols and Abbreviations given one or two pages in front of this huge table. Record the edition number of the book and where you found it.

Military Rules of Engagement and the Laws of War - 2344 Words

Military Rules of Engagement (ROE) and the Laws of War A civilized society cannot function without rules, laws, and codes of proper conduct. This statement may seem out of place in the context of warfighting; however, this is one place where it is most necessary. The fighters, who often act at the behest of their home nation, must have a code of conduct which allows them to make the correct decision in a given situation in a combat zone. Rules of Engagement fill this gap for the national militaries of the civilized world and serve as a soldier’s code of conduct in the field. Similar to Rules of Engagement (ROE) are the Laws of War . The Laws of War were established as an international agreement. This agreement attempted to curtail the destruction caused by global conflicts such as the two world wars fought during the twentieth century. The laws of war fall under the Geneva conventions as well. Each of set of rules can be used as a foundation to create rules of engagement for a particular mission. It is also important to align rules of engagement with the uniform code of military justice. This code, referred to as the UCMJ, is used as legal framework for the United States Military. Definition Rules of Engagement for the military, as defined by Encyclopedia Britannica, are: Military directives meant to describe the circumstances under which ground, naval, and air forces will enter into and continue combat with opposing forces. Formally, rules of engagement refer to theShow MoreRelatedThe Law Enforcement Operations Model1619 Words   |  7 Pagesargue that a law enforcement operations model should be applied rather than the law of armed conflict because of the nature of the operations that are involved. For instance, Kels notes that human rights advocates â€Å"insist upon a legal geography of war, whereby states must apply a law enforcement (rather than armed conflict) model to any hostilities conducted outside of universally recognized hot battlefields like Afghanistan† (B3). This approach, however, ignores the realities of military operationsRead MoreEthical Challenges of the War in Afghanistan Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesEthics Paper Ethical Challenges of the War in Afghanistan After ten years of fighting in Afghanistan and Iraq, military leaders still face significant ethical challenges. Because of the challenges associated with waging an unconventional war, military practices and preparations have not evolved to provide sufficient ethical training for personnel in Afghanistan and Iraqi. This essay explores ethical questions that remain unresolved even after a war that has been prosecuted for more than a decadeRead MoreThe Geneva Convention: Laws and Protocols Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesThe rules of war; it sounds ridiculous when stated like that. Even though war is a brutal man vs. man, kill or be killed affair, there are rules to war. The 1949 Geneva conventions are the body of international law that deals with armed conflict. They were created for good reasons, but there are also flaws within them. The Geneva Conventions are exploited by terrorists and in some ways interfere with national security. These laws are getting our soldiers undeservedly prosecuted, even though our enemiesRead MoreThe Islamic Republic Of Afghanistan1704 Words   |  7 Pagesseries of civil wars and enormous bloodshed. In 1978 the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) seized power in a coup against President Mohamed Daoud in what is known as the Saur Revolution. This revolution is said to be the catalyst for upheaval and armed resistance that would follow for the next 20 years. Opposition of the communist regime resulted in the rise of guerilla mujahideen forces that quickly escalated into a civil war. The Soviet Union sent thousands of military advisors in supportRead MoreThe War Has Been A Part Of Human History Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesWar has been a part of human history as far back as people can remember. At this point people would argue it’s in our very nature to seek conflict as a means to a resolution. It’s hard to dispute when looking at our history books, but that’s the thing, it’s in the past. We need to learn from our history and evolve. In this context it’s not implied that there can or necessarily should be a way to stop violence, but there are ways to have smarter warfare. It is easy to say that we must remain absolutistRead MoreHandling The War On Terror1037 Words   |  5 PagesHandling the War on Terror The Global War on Terror, or War on Terror, with the United States at the helm, is the second most expensive war in American history, having surpassed $2 trillion. At the same time, little has been accomplished for domestic security or the destruction of terror groups. The United States needs a clear, focused strategy to suppress terrorist groups, while at the same time eliminating the causes for terrorism. I propose a gradual drawdown and closing of US bases and garrisonsRead MoreEssay on The State of Nature is a State of War1498 Words   |  6 Pages To understand Hobbes’s argument for why the State of Nature is a State of War it is important to understand Hobbes’s meanings of the terms State of Nature and State of War. The State of Nature is the condition where mankind is forced in contact with one another in a society where there is no authority to enforce power or laws. In this state, the lack of authority encompasses the lack of political institutions and the co nnotations associated with them: no national allegiances and no punishment. AllRead MoreEthical Norms Of The United Convention1577 Words   |  7 Pagesare the same. The laws copied from ethics are natural laws. During war we kill and torture people which is considered to be unethical but, there are some issues that we accept things which we don’t have to. War has always been and will continue to be a necessary action executed by human beings. There are many reasons for wars such as territorial issues, religion factors, and ethnic factors. And when the disagreements between two parties cannot be solved in a peaceful way, the war is the last optionRead MoreWhat Combat Requires in Philip Caputos Rumor of War Essay1227 Words   |  5 Pages The Vietnam War was a psychological and physical battle for all the young men who were drafted or volunteered. Caputos own reasons for volunteering illustrate the mentality for some of the men entering into this journey. Those who are inducted into Vietnam face disturbing moral dilemmas that can be expected in an ethical wilderness. The draft introduced a myriad of young men to the once forgotten moral ambiguity of war. Average American citizens must balance right from wrong in a worldRead MoreLouis Xiv the Sun King Absolute Rule866 Words   |  4 PagesLouis XIV the Sun King’s Absolute Rule Louis XIV is one of the most famous examples of an absolute ruler. Louis had a complete control over his country. Louis’s father had died leaving France in a civil war. Louis XIV obtained power after his father died and through hatred over the nobility that threatened his life and his mothers, though Cardinal Mazarin ruled until Louis XIV took power after Mazarin’s death. He vowed he would never be so weak that he could not have power. Louis XIV was